9th November, 2009

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Pharmacology test

Pharmacology test (3/11/2009)

1. Below are the factors that are contributed for the route of drug administration:
i. Rate and extent of absorption of the drug from different routes
ii. Rapidity with which the response is desired.
iii. Condition of the patient
iv. Physical and chemical properties of the drug
v. Site of desired action for example local or generalized anesthesia

a. (i) only
b. (i) and (ii)
c. (i) and (iv)
d. (iii), (iv) and (v)
e. all the above
(TTTTT)

2. The following are true about intravenous injection except:
a. The drug directly reaches into the blood volume.
b. The effects are produced slowly.
c. The intima of veins is insensitive to drug.
d. It is the most hazardous route of administration.
e. The complications are thrombophlebitis and air embolism.
(TFTTT)

3. The statements are true about biological membrane except:
a. Bilayer of lipid molecules, the polar groups are oriented at the two surfaces and the nonpolar chains are embedded in the matrix.
b. The proteins are not able to freely float through the membrane.
c. Some of the intrinsic proteins surrounding the “fine aqueous pores” or “channels”.
d. Some proteins have enzymatic or carrier properties.
e. Drugs are transported across the membrane by passive diffusion and filtration and also specialized transport.
(TFTTT)

4. Absorption
i. Is the movement of drug from its site of administration into the circulation.
ii. All the fraction of the administered dose is absorbed into the circulation.
iii. Drugs given in solid form must dissolve in the aquesous biophase before they are absorbed.
iv. Drug in watery solution is absorbed slower than the same is given in solid form or as oily solution.
v. Concentrated solution drug is absorbed faster than from diluted solution.
a. (i) only
b. (i) and (ii)
c. (i) , (iii) and (v)
d. (i) , (ii) and (v)
e. non of the above.
(TFTFT)

5. Bioavailability
i. Is a measure of the fraction of administered dose of a drug that reaches the plasma circulation
ii. Incomplete bioavailability after s.c. or i.m. injection may occur due to local binding of the drug.
iii. Differences in bioavailability may arise due to variations in disintegration and dissolution rates.
iv. Oral bioavailability is less than 100% is due to incomplete drug absorption and drug undergo first pass metabolism in the intestinal wall/liver or excreted in bile.
v. Of drug injected intravenous is less than 100%.

a. (i) only
b. (i) and (ii)
c. (i), (ii) and (iii)
d. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
e. all the above
(TTTTF)

6. Distribution is described as :
i. Once drug is absorbed in the blood circulation, it is not distributed to other tissue that initially does not have the drug.
ii. The absorbed drug is distributed from the plasma to tissue by means of concentration gradient.
iii. Movement of drug proceeds until equilibrium is established between unbound drug in plasma and tissue fluids.
iv. The extent of distribution of a drug is depends on its lipid solubility and ionization at physiological pH
v. The extend of distribution of a drug is not depends on the extent of the drug binding to plasma and tissue proteins.
vi. The extent of distribution of a drug is depends on the differences in regional blood flow.

a. (i) only
b. (i) and (ii)
c. (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi)
d. (v) only
e. all the above
(FTTTFT)

7. The following statements are true about Brain and CSF except
a. The capillary endothelial cells in brain have tight junctions and lack large intercellular pores.
b. A sheet of glial cells lines the capillaries of the brain.
c. (a) and (b) forms blood brain barrier.
d. Only water-soluble drugs are able to penetrate and have action on the central nervous system.
e. Levodopa is the precursor of Dopamine that can cross the blood brain barier.
(TTTFT)

8. Plasma protein binding:
i. Most drugs possess physicochemical affinity for plasma proteins.
ii. Acidic drugs generally bind to alpha 1 acid glycoprotein
iii. Basic drugs generally bind to plasma albumin.
iv. Highly plasma protein bound drugs are largely restricted to vascular compartment and tend to have lower volumes of distribution.
v. The bound fraction is not available for action.
vi. The bound fraction is in equilibrium with the free drug in plasma and dissociates when the concentration of the latter is reduced due to elimination.

a. (i) only
b. (i) and (ii)
c. (ii) and (iii)
d. (i), (iv), (v) and (vi)
e. non of the above
(TFFTTT)

Question on Teratogenicity

a. Corticosteroids
b. Tetracyclines
c. Warfarin
d. Phenytoin
e. Thalidomide
f. Pilocarpine

9. Hypoplastic phalanges, cleft lip/palate, microcephaly
10. Nose, eye and hand defects, growth retardation.
11. Discoloured and deformed teeth, retarded bone growth
12. Phocomelia, multiple defects.
(9d, 10c, 11b, 12e)

13. Below are the sequence of neurohumoral transmission

i. Transmitter release – all the contents of ‘synaptic vesicles’ are extruded (exocytosis) in the junctional cleft.
ii. Postjunctional activity – A suprathreshold EPSP generates a propagated postjunctional AP which results in nerve impulse, contraction or secretion.
iii. Impulse conduction – stimulation or arrival of an electrical impulse causes a sudden increase in Na+ conductance – depolarization and overshoot.
iv. Transmitter action on postjuctional membrane – the released transmitter combines with specific receptors on the postjunctional membrane.
v. Termination of transmitter action – the transmitter is either locally degraded or is taken back into the prejunctional neurone by active uptake or diffuse away.
a. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)
b. (ii), (iii), (iv), (i) and (v)
c. (iii), (iv), (ii), (i) and (v)
d. (iii), (i), (iv), (ii) and (v)
e. (v), (iv), (iii), (ii) and (i)
(d)

14. Drugs for which TDM is commonly used except:
a. Amikacin
b. Carbamazepine
c. Aminophylline
d. Atenolol
e. Phenytoin
(d)

15. Steps in drug development are
i. Postmarketing surveillance
ii. Phase I premarketing clinical studies
iii. Acute and subacute animal toxicity study
iv. Phase II and III clinical trial
v. Chronic safety testing in animal

a. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)
b. (ii), (iv), (i), (iii) and (v)
c. (iii), (v), (ii), (iv) and (i)
d. (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (i)
e. (iii), (iv), (v), (ii) and (i)

(c)

About the Author

Specialized in Tropical Medicine and Research on men health especially in osteoporosis