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ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIA AGENTS Plasma lipids Transported in bloodstream in form of macromolecular complexes of lipid and known as lipoproteins Two major clinical importance/sequelae of high lipid Acute pancreatitis atherosclerosis Hyperlipoproteinemia Hyperlipidemia Lipoprotein disorders Primary hypertriglyceridemias Primary chylomicronemia Familial hypertriglyceridemia Familial combined hyperlipoproteinemia Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia Primary hypercholesterolemias Famimial hypercholesterolemia Familial ligan-defective apolipoprotein B Familial combine hyperlipoproteinemia Lp(a) hyperlipoproteinemia Secondary hyperlipoproteinemia Lipid-lowering drugs Several drugs are used To decrease plasma LDL-cholesterol Drug therapy is only one approach Dietary measures are the first [...] | 19th January, 2010 | More News
Pharmacology test 2
1. Direct-acting cholinergic drugs is/are:
a. Acetylcholine
b. Bethanecol
c. Carbachol
d. Pilocarpine
e. Nicotine
(TTTTT)
2. Indirect-acting cholinergic drugs is/are:
a. Edrohonium
b. Neostigmine
c. Physostigmine
d. Pyridostigmine
e. Parathion (Organophosphate)
(TTTTT)
3. Effects of parasympathetic stimulation:
a. Iris of eye (circular muscle) – contraction
b. Heart (SAN) – decreased conduction
c. Heart (muscle) – decreased contractility
d. Bronchiole of lung – relaxation
e. Smooth muscle of GIT – contraction
(TTTFT)
4. Effects of sympathetic stimulation:
a. Iris of eye (radial muscle, a receptor) – contraction
b. Ciliary muscle of eye (b2 receptor) – relaxation
c. Heart (muscle -b1 receptor) – decreased contractility
d. Bronchiole (b2 receptor) – contraction
e. Smooth muscle of GIT (b2 receptor) – relaxation
(TTFFT)
5. Muscarinic effects on Cardio vascular system (CVS)
a. Vagus nerve stimulation will cause increase HR and decrease BP
b. Vagus nerve stimulation will cause decrease HR and also decrease BP
c. Low to moderate dose of Ach will not alter the HR but decrease BP
d. High dose of Ach will decrease HR and also BP
e. High dose of Ach will increase HR and also BP
(FTTTF)
6. Acetylcholine (Ach) effects on CVS
a. Low to moderate doses of Ach will affect more on endothelial M3 receptor)
b. High dose of Ach will affect more on M2 receptor of the heart.
c. Low to moderate doses of Ach will cause vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels.
d. Low to moderate doses of Ach will cause decrease BP and subsequence lead to stimulation of Baroreceptor (reflex tachycardia).
e. High dose of Ach will decrease SAN activity and cause decrease HR(overrule reflex tachycardia) and decrease BP.
(TTFTT)
7. Nicotinic receptors are situated at
a. N1 receptors are present on ganglionic cells (sympathetic as well as parasympathetic)
b. N1 receptors are present on cells in adrenal medulla (embryologically derived from the same site as ganglionic cells)
c. N1 receptors are not selectively stimulated by Dimethyl phenyl piperazinium (DMPP).
d. N2 receptors are present at skeletal muscle end-plate.
e. N2 receptors are selectively stimulated by Phenyl trimethyl ammonium (PTMA) and selectively blocked by d-tubocurarine.
(TTFTT)
Thames
a) Bethanecol
b) Pilocarpine
c) Neostigmine
d) Edrophonium
e) Phenylephrine
f) Amphetamine
g) Tyramine
8. Act selectively on a1 receptors causes vasoconstrition and increase BP that lead to bradycardia reflex. It is used in nasal congestion. (e)
9. Its indication are urinary retention, gastroparesis and gastroesophageal reflux disease through Muscarinic receptors lead to smooth muscle contraction of bladder and stomach. (a)
10. Often abused drug. It is CNS stimulant by increasing Noradrenaline release. Indications are Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.
(f)
11. It can be found in fermented foods eg. Cheese, yeast.
(g)
12. It is normally metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO) in gut and liver, however in patients treated with MAO inhibitor, it is not metabolized and causes release of catecholamines and lead to hypertensive crisis.
(g)
13. It is used as eyedrops that will decrease intraocular pressure in glaucoma.
(b)
14. Side effects of the drug is blurred vision or change in near or far vision, decreased night vision. Systemic absorption will lead to increased sweating, muscle tremors, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, wheezing and salivation.
(b)
15. Anticholinesterase that temporary relief of the muscle weakness and fatigability in myasthenia gravis.
(c)
16. Pyridostigmine is
a. It is an anticholinestrase
b. It brand name is Mestinon
c. It has longer effects compared to neostigmine
d. It has shorter effects compared to Phytostigmine
e. It is the drug of choice for myasthenia gravis
(TTTFT)
17. Glaucoma
a. It is a condition where there is an increased in intraocular pressure leads to blindness of the eye.
b. Cholinergic drugs and anticholinesterase drugs will increase the intraocular pressure.
c. b blocker drugs will decreased secretion of aqueous humor from ciliary epithelium
d. There are two types of glaucoma, open-angle and closed angle.
e. Decreased intraocular pressure is due to increase outflow of aqueous humor and decrease secretion rate of aqueous humor.
(TFTTT)
18. Myasthenia gravis
a. It is an autoantibodies disorder against acetylcholine Muscarinic receptors
b. The number of nicotinic receptors is markedly reduced that lead to progressively reduced muscle strength with repeated use.
c. Tensilon (edrophonium) test is a screening test
d. The drug of choice for the treatment is Pyridostigmine
e. Pyridostigmine is short-acting anticholinesterase.
(FTFTF)
About the Author
Specialized in Tropical Medicine and Research on men health especially in osteoporosis